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This unit teaches us that each of the three tenses used in the teaching, Present, Past, Future have four aspects; simple, continuous, perfect and perfect continuous. The unit sets out grammatical rules for affirmative, negative and interrogative in a coherent way. In each instance the unit provides exceptions and rules that help to explain the inconsistencies in the English language. The present simple is the most common tense in English language and the patterns of the form subjects and base stay the same and we need conjugate the verb for e she it. For instance in the case of the affirmative it takes a subject + base form (s/es) as in, I work -- we work You work -- you work; He/she works ? they work The Negative with works in the same way ? a subject and an auxilliary verb (do+not) + base form I don?t work ? we don?t work You don?t work - you don?t work He/she doesn?t work ? they don?t work The Question inverts the pattern placing the (aux.verb first, followed by subject + base form) Do I work? -- Do we work?, including exceptions The unit instructs us how to form 3rd person singularin a coherent way. The first is obvious ? Add s to base form of verb - she sits ? Verbs ending consonant plus y ? change to I and add es as in cry and cries ? Verbs ending o, s, z, x, ch, sh ? add es and extra syllable when pronounced (do, has, buzz, box, watch, wash) ? The negative form doesn?t has an s so no extra s ? she doesn?t work The unit instructs us how to explain what compromises the tense: Habits and routines + I teach every Monday and general facts and truths + sun rises in the east, I like football 2. The Present Continuous deals with actions happening at present moment Made of present simple tense of verb TO BE and the present participle (verb plus ?ing of the main verb) AFFIRMATIVE (subject+ aux.verb BE + verb + ing) NEGATIVE (subject + aux.verb BE + not + verb + ing) QUESTION (aux.verb ?be? + subject + verb + ing) The unit details Non-progressive verbs or non action verbs which are to be used in the simple form eg Love, hate, understand, want, believe, remember ? Verbs of senses (involuntary) ? Verbs expressing feelings and emotions ? Verbs of mental activity ? Verbs of possession Exceptions and some verbs different meanings if used in present tense ie she thinks you are right (has opinion) she is thinking about it (considering) The explanations for the rules are useful and clear A. Action in progress + please be quiet. I?m watching tv B. Temporary action not necessarily in progress + I?m reading a good book at the moment C. Very frequent actions + she?s always biting her nails D. Background events in present story + so I am standing there when the policeman enters E. Describe a developing situation + it?s getting dark F. Describe a regular action around a point in time + he?s usually working at this time PRESENT PERFECT FORM ? i/you/we/they HAS + present participle With regular verbs the past partic is verb + -ed AFFIRMATIVE (Subj + Aux Verb Have + Past Participle) I have written NEGATIVE (Subj + Aux Verb Have + Not + Past Participle) I haven?t written QUESTION (Aux Verb ?Have? + Subject + Past Participle) Have I written? PRESENT PERFECT The unit explains that this is comprised of the subject I/you/he have OR he has + past participle. The unit describes four instances where it is used. ? 1st talks about finished actions happened at an indefinite time I have eaten octopus 2nd us used when thinking about completed actions carried out at an unfinished period of time at time of speaking ? It has rained a lot today -- this means the rain has stopped but its still today ? I have eaten eight cakes this morning 3rd talks of something began in past but still true now and don?t know if will continue ? We have lived in Paris for five years ? She has been a vegetarian since 1988 4th used when describing past actions with consequences in present ? Oh no! I?ve left my purse at home ? Can you help me? I?ve lost my contact lenses (lost in past still lost now) The Present Perfect Continuous relates past activities to the present. Implies AFFIRMATIVE (Subj + Aux Verb Have + been + verb-ing) I have been dancing NEGATIVE (Subj + Aux Verb Have + Not + been + verb-ing) I haven?t been dancing QUESTION (Aux Verb ?Have? + Subject + been + verb-ing) Have I been dancing? This tense is used in the following ways: ? To communicate incomplete and ongoing activity, when want to say how long continued I?ve been dieting for the last 20 years ? To describe a recently finished action In addition the unit provides excellent ideas about how to teach this tense in all its aspects in the Activate part of the lesson.
