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Modal auxiliary verbs are used to further describe the verb. There are true modal verbs, such as, may, might, must, can, could, will, shall, would, and, should. They allow the speaker to express his attitude about the action. For example, \"Jim might arrive late.\" expresses the idea that the speaker is not certain about when Jim will arrive. Modal verbs are used to express ability - He can drive. The are used to express degrees of formality - May I use your book?, Could I use your book?, or Can I use your book? have different senses of formality. They are used to express obligation, permission, prediction, request or advice. Modal auxiliary verbs have not tense. The main verb indicates the tense. And some modal verbs cannot be used for the past or future tenses. The passive voice is used to shift the focus off of the doer of the action. In the active voice the doer or subject of the sentence is the focus. In the passive voice the doer is less important and may even be unknown or concealed. In 1492, Columbus discovered America. Columbus is the focus. In 1492, America was discovered by Columbus. In this sentence the focus is on America being discovered. To form the passive voice, the auxiliary verb to be is added and the past participle of the main verb us used. The form of to be must match the tense of the main verb in the active voice. \"I wrote the book.\" uses past simple form of write. \"The book was written by me.\" uses the past simple form of to be, plus the past participle of write. Relative clauses are dependent clauses that modify a noun. They have no subject but must be connected to an independent clause. They give more information about the noun. Defining relative clause are essential to the meaning of the sentence. and non-defining relative clauses are not essential. An example of a defining relative clause is \"that open my apartment\" in the sentence - I lost the keys that open my apartment.
