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Unit 4 introduces the four present tenses: Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous. For each tense the form/structure is highlighted for the affirmative, negative and question form of the tense. Which tense to use, depends on the structure of the sentence, the timing of the action taking place ? has the action finished or is it still ongoing? Is the time frame of the action indefinite/undefined or definite? Etcetera. Usage of the Present Simple: Habits or routine actions; permanent situations and facts; commentaries; directions and instructions; newspaper headlines; present stories; historical sequences. E.g. I go dancing every week Usage of the Present Continuous: To talk about an action that is still in progress at the time of speaking; to talk about a temporary action that may be happening around the time of speaking; to emphasize very frequent actions; to describe background events in a present story; to describe developing situations; to refer to a regular action around a point in time. E.g. He is taking a shower. Usage of the Present Perfect: When we talk about finished actions/states that happened at an indefinite time. When we are talking about a completed past action that happened in an unfinished time period at the time of speaking (e.g. today). When we talk about something which began in the past and is still true now. When we describe past actions with present results. E.g. I have lost my keys. Usage of the Present Perfect Continuous: To communicate an incomplete and ongoing activity, when we want to say how long it has continued. To describe a recently finished activity which has a present result. E.g. I have been teaching English for ten years. In addition to explaining the form and usage of the four present tenses, the unit also offers useful tips and examples of activities to use during the Activate stage when working on these tenses with your students.
