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Unit 18 zooms in on four important grammar topics: Modal verbs, phrasal verbs, passive voice and relative clauses. Modals Modal verbs are: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, have to, have got to, need to, needn?t and ought to. Modals are used to express different ideas, such as: ? Obligation ? Possibility/probability (various degrees of certainty depending on which modal verb is used) ? Permission/prohibition (various degrees of politeness/formality depending on which modal verb is used) ? Ability ? Advice Modal verbs don?t change in form according to person and can be used in present, future and past tense. Passive voice In the passive voice, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb. The agent or doer of the action is not so important in the passive voice and often times isn?t mentioned at all. Active voice: I painted the door last week Passive voice: The door was painted last week Tenses and form of passive voice: Present simpe is/are + past participle (pp) Present continuous is/are being + pp Present perfect have/has been + pp Past simple was/were + pp Past continuous was/were being + pp Past perfect had been + pp Future simple will be + pp Future continuous will be being + pp Future perfect will have been + pp Going to going to be + pp Relative clauses A relative clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes or identifies a noun. There are essential and non-essential relative clauses. In case of the non-essential clause the meaning of the sentence doesn?t change if it is left out. The non-essential relative clause is marked by comma?s in the sentence. Phrasal verbs A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb with one or two particles (preposition, adverb). For example: Take off, put up with, fill in, look up to, etc etc. Phrasal verbs can take three forms: 1) Intransitive ? Cannot be followed by a direct object ? He didn?t turn up 2) Transitive separable ? object noun can come between the verb and the particle or after the particle ? She took Anna on/She took on Anna. 3) Transitive inseparable ? object phrase or object pronoun come after the particle. The verb combination cannot be broken up ? She looks up to her grandmother.
