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Productive skills include writing and speaking. A teacher must create a desire in students to communicate. Accuracy and fluency are important factors to communicate. Accuracy activities are usually a part of study phase. They are usually controlled to ensure correct production of language. Fluency activities are used in the activate phase of the lesson. The student can experiment and be creative with the language in the activate phase. Both accuracy and fluency are equally important. There are three types of speaking activities in the classroom: 1. Controlled activities: They are accuracy based activities where the language is controlled by the teacher. They include drilling and prompting. 2. Guided activities: They are accuracy based activities but more creative and productive. The output is still controlled by the teacher but the language isn?t. They include model dialogues and guided role-play. 3. Creative communication: They are fluency based activities. The scenario is created by the teacher but the content of the language isn?t. They include free role-play, discussions, information gap, debates, simulations and communication games. Students are reluctant to speak for various reasons like lack of confidence, fear of making mistakes, peer intimidation, lack of interest in the topic, previous learning experiences and cultural reasons. There are a lot of techniques to encourage student interaction like pair-work and group-work. The teacher must include plenty of controlled and guided practice before fluency activities. In certain activities, the teacher need to give students time to think about what they are going to say. There are certain guidelines to be followed for a free or creative speaking activity. Before the lesson, decide your aims and predict how the students perform a task and any problem they might have. Prepare the necessary materials and workout the instructions. During the activity arouse students interest by using visuals. The topic must be of interest to the students. The activity must be closely monitored to give feedback. After the activity feedback must be provided. Necessary corrections should be made. It is important to focus on improvement rather than on mistakes. Writing involves some skills like handwriting, spelling, layout and punctuation. Creative writing must be encouraged as it engages the students and the finished work provides them with a sense of pride. Typical creative writing involves poetry, stories and plays. Teachers can adapt conventional and unconventional games to teach language. There are competitive games in which players compete with each other and cooperative games in which players work together for a common goal. Games must be made a part of the syllabus. They provide useful controlled practice and free practice material. A few games like charades, Hangman, Crossword, tongue twisters and Pictionary can be played in the classroom.
